Who acts as a pioneering species in a xerarch succession?

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Editor">Editor Staff asked 4 days ago

Who acts as a pioneering species in a xerarch succession?
 
(a) Phytoplankton
 
(b) Pteridophytes
 
(c) Lichens
 
(d) Bryophytes
 
This question was addressed to me by my college professor while I was bunking the class.
 
My question is taken from Ecosystem topic in chapter Ecosystem of Biology – Class 12

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Editor">Editor Staff answered 4 days ago

The correct option is (c) Lichens
 
For explanation: The first biotic community to invade a bare land or area is known as the pioneer community. In a xerarch succession, lichens in the temperate region act as pioneering species. Some examples of lichens are Rinodina, Lecanora, Parmelia, etc.